The <timath.h> header file


  
This header file contains the following functions:
abs                     acos                    acosh
asin                    asinh                   atan
atan2                   atanh                   atof
bcdadd                  bcdbcd                  bcdcmp
bcddiv                  bcdlong                 bcdmul
bcdneg                  bcdsub                  bcd_to_float
bcd_var                 cacos                   cacosh
casin                   casinh                  catan
catanh                  ccos                    ccosh
ceil                    cexp                    cln
clog10                  cos                     cosh
csin                    csinh                   csqrt
ctan                    ctanh                   exp
fabs                    fadd                    fcmp
fdiv                    float_class             float_to_bcd
floor                   flt                     fmod
fmul                    fneg                    fpisanint
fpisodd                 frexp10                 fsub
hypot                   init_float              is_float_infinity
is_float_negative_zero  is_float_positive_zero  is_float_signed_infinity
is_float_transfinite    is_float_unsigned_zero  is_float_unsigned_inf_or_nan
is_inf                  is_nan                  is_nzero
is_pzero                is_sinf                 is_transfinite
is_uinf_or_nan          is_uzero                itrig
labs                    ldexp10                 log
log10                   modf                    pow
round12                 round12_err             round14
sin                     sincos                  sinh
sqrt                    tan                     tanh
trig                    trunc
the following macro constructors:
FEXP                    FEXP_NEG                FLT
FLT_NEG
and the following constants and predefined types:
bcd                     Bool                    FIVE
FOUR                    HALF                    HALF_PI
MINUS_ONE               NAN                     NEGATIVE_INF
NEGATIVE_ZERO           ONE                     PI
POSITIVE_INF            POSITIVE_ZERO           TEN
THREE                   ti_float                TWO
UNSIGNED_INF            UNSIGNED_ZERO           ZERO
NOTE: all functions which return a result of float type are implemented as macros, although many of them exists as TIOS entries. This is done because GCC convention of returning floating point values as a result of a function is different than the convention expected by TIOS. This note is mainly unimportant from the user point of view.

Functions


void init_float (void);

Initializes a floating point emulator.

init_float initializes the TIOS floating point emulator. However, as far as I know, you need not to call this function explicitely anywhere in your program, because TIOS does it in the boot code. As this function is removed from AMS 2.xx, it is redefined in this release of TIGCCLIB to does nothing (it is kept in this header file only for compatibility with previous releases).

NOTE: TIOS fp emulator is, in fact, located in TIOS routine called _bcd_math. This routine performs a set of arithmetic operations on binary coded decimal floating point values. A two-byte emulator opcode word is needed after the call to _bcd_math to instruct the emulator which operation will be performed, where are its operands, etc. Operands may be in MC68000 registers, in the memory, or in "floating point registers" (they are, in fact, memory locations on the stack frame from the aspect of the emulator). If the "instruction" has immediate operand, there will be more than one extra inline word after the call to _bcd_math. Anyway, function _bcd_math is unusable in C programs (expect in asm statements), due to non-C calling convention. Fortunately, nearly all operations supported by _bcd_math have also a built-in interface in TIOS which is adapted to C calling convention. That's why I completely bypassed _bcd_math function in this header file. It may give additional flexibility for ASM programmers (sometimes the argument may be in the register, sometimes in the memory, etc.). But in C, the arguments are always on the stack, so this flexibility is not necessary.

float fadd (float x, float y);

Floating point addition.

fadd returns the sum of floating point arguments x and y. This routine performs the same operation as the C '+' operator applied to floating point operands, but it is kept here to allow compatibility with older programs created before TIGCC introduced floating point operators (i.e. before release 0.9 of TIGCC). At the fundamental level, fadd is exactly the same routine as bcdadd.

float fsub (float x, float y);

Floating point substraction.

fsub returns the difference of floating point arguments x and y. This routine performs the same operation as the C '-' operator applied to floating point operands, but it is kept here to allow compatibility with older programs created before TIGCC introduced floating point operators (i.e. before release 0.9 of TIGCC). At the fundamental level, fsub is exactly the same routine as bcdsub.

float fmul (float x, float y);

Floating point multiplication.

fmul returns the product of floating point arguments x and y. This routine performs the same operation as the C '*' operator applied to floating point operands, but it is kept here to allow compatibility with older programs created before TIGCC introduced floating point operators (i.e. before release 0.9 of TIGCC). At the fundamental level, fmul is exactly the same routine as bcdmul.

NOTE: fmul returns infinite result in a case of overflow. See UNSIGNED_INF, POSITIVE_INF and NEGATIVE_INF for more details.

float fdiv (float x, float y);

Floating point division.

fdiv returns the quotient of floating point arguments x and y. This routine performs the same operation as the C '/' operator applied to floating point operands, but it is kept here to allow compatibility with older programs created before TIGCC introduced floating point operators (i.e. before release 0.9 of TIGCC). At the fundamental level, fdiv is exactly the same routine as bcddiv.

NOTE: fdiv returns infinite result if the argument is zero (signed or unsigned), or in a case of overflow. Also, it returns NAN if both arguments are zeros or infinities. See ZERO, UNSIGNED_ZERO, POSITIVE_ZERO, NEGATIVE_ZERO, UNSIGNED_INF, POSITIVE_INF and NEGATIVE_INF for more details.

float fneg (float x);

Floating point negation.

fneg returns negated value of floating point argument x. This routine performs the same operation as the C '-' unary minus operator applied to a floating point operand, but it is kept here to allow compatibility with older programs created before TIGCC introduced floating point operators (i.e. before release 0.9 of TIGCC). At the fundamental level, fneg is exactly the same routine as bcdneg.

long fcmp (float x, float y);

Floating point comparation.

fcmp compares floating point arguments x and y, and returns a value which is This function may be useful as a comparison function for qsort function from stdlib.html. All relation operators applied to floating point types are implemented through implicite calls of this function. At the fundamental level, fcmp is exactly the same routine as bcdcmp.

NOTE: All kind of zeros are equal from the aspect of comparation. Transfinite values are incomparable, and the result of fcmp is unpredictable (usually 1, but this is not guarantee) if any argument is transfinite. See ZERO, UNSIGNED_ZERO, POSITIVE_ZERO, NEGATIVE_ZERO, UNSIGNED_INF, POSITIVE_INF, NEGATIVE_INF and NAN for more details.

long trunc (float x);

Converts floating point to integer.

trunc truncates floating point argument x to the long integer result. Returns zero in a case of overflow. This routine performs the same operation as casting a floating point value to an int type using '(int)', '(unsigned int)' and '(long)' typecast operators, but it is kept here to allow compatibility with older programs created before TIGCC introduced floating point operators (i.e. before release 0.9 of TIGCC). This function is automatically called when any function which needs an integer is called with a floating point arguments, to force a truncation of a floating point value to an integer. Also, you can do assignments like b = a; when a is a floating point variable (or expression) and b is an integer variable. In both cases, trunc will be called automatically to perform the truncation. At the fundamental level, trunc is exactly the same routine as bcdlong.

float flt (long x);

Converts integer to floating point.

flt converts (long) integer argument x to the floating point representation of the same value. This routine performs the same operation as casting a long integer value to float type using '(float)' typecast operator, but it is kept here to allow compatibility with older programs created before TIGCC introduced floating point operators (i.e. before release 0.9 of TIGCC). This function is automatically called when any floating point function is called with a long integer arguments, to force a promotion of an integer to a floating point type. In other words, integer values will be automatically promoted to the floating point type when necessary. So, you can do assignment like b = a; when a is an integer variable (or expression) and b is a standard floating point variable (float or double). Also, you can calculate sin(a) where a is an integer. In both cases, flt will be called automatically to perform the promotion. At the fundamental level, flt is exactly the same routine as bcdbcd.

bcd bcdadd (bcd x, bcd y);

BCD addition.

bcdadd is principally the same as fadd, but instead of ordinary floats, its arguments and return value are bcd structures (which represent internal organization of floating point values in TIOS). At the fundamental level, bcdadd and fadd are the same routine.

bcd bcdsub (bcd x, bcd y);

BCD substraction.

bcdsub is principally the same as fsub, but instead of ordinary floats, its arguments and return value are bcd structures (which represent internal organization of floating point values in TIOS). At the fundamental level, bcdsub and fsub are the same routine.

bcd bcdmul (bcd x, bcd y);

BCD multiplication.

bcdmul is principally the same as fmul, but instead of ordinary floats, its arguments and return value are bcd structures (which represent internal organization of floating point values in TIOS). At the fundamental level, bcdmul and fmul are the same routine.

bcd bcddiv (bcd x, bcd y);

BCD division.

bcddiv is principally the same as fdiv, but instead of ordinary floats, its arguments and return value are bcd structures (which represent internal organization of floating point values in TIOS). At the fundamental level, bcddiv and fdiv are the same routine.

bcd bcdneg (bcd x);

BCD negation.

bcdneg is principally the same as fneg, but instead of ordinary floats, its argument and return value are bcd structures (which represent internal organization of floating point values in TIOS). At the fundamental level, bcdneg and fneg are the same routine.

long bcdcmp (bcd x, bcd y);

BCD comparation.

bcdcmp is principally the same as fcmp, but instead of ordinary floats, its arguments are bcd structures (which represent internal organization of floating point values in TIOS). At the fundamental level, bcdcmp and fcmp are the same routine.

long bcdlong (bcd x);

Converts BCD to integer.

bcdlong is principally the same as trunc, but instead of ordinary float, its argument is a bcd structure (which represent internal organization of floating point values in TIOS). At the fundamental level, bcdlong and trunc are the same routine.

bcd bcdbcd (long x);

Converts integer to BCD.

bcdbcd is principally the same as flt, but instead of ordinary float, its return value is a bcd structure (which represent internal organization of floating point values in TIOS). At the fundamental level, bcdbcd and flt are the same routine.

float bcd_to_float (bcd x);

Converts BCD to float.

bcd_to_float converts BCD structure x into an ordinary floating point value. In fact, this function returns the same value as the argument, but with different interpretation. This function, in a way, performs typecasting from a bcd type to an ordinary float type.

bcd float_to_bcd (float x);

Converts float to BCD.

bcd_to_float converts BCD structure x into an ordinary floating point value. In fact, this function returns the same value as the argument, but with different interpretation. This function, in a way, performs typecasting from an ordinary float type to a bcd type. Beware that returned value is not an lvalue (ordinary C functions never return lvalues, by the way), so you can not do something like
float a;
...
float_to_bcd(a).exponent = 0x4002;
To perform such assignments, use bcd_var macro.

bcd &bcd_var (float &x);

Converts reference to float object to reference to BCD object.

bcd_var converts the reference to a floating point object x (which must be an lvalue, for example a floating point variable) to the reference to the same object, but interpreted as a bcd structure. bcd_var is similar as float_to_bcd, but returned object is an lvalue, so it may be used in assignments like
float a;
...
bcd_var(a).exponent = 0x4002;
The drawback of bcd_var (compared with float_to_bcd) is the fact that its argument must be an lvalue, so it can not be a floating point constant or any non-lvalue expression (for example, a result of a function).

NOTE: I used notation "&bcd_var" and "&x" in the prototype description, although passing by reference and returning results by reference does not exist in ordinary C (only in C++). However, this bcd_var is macro which is implemented on such way that it simulates "passing and returning by reference".

numeric_type abs (numeric_type x);

Absolute value of a number.

abs returns the absolute value of a numeric argument x, which may be either an integer or a floating point value. The returned value is of the same type as the argument. See also labs and fabs.

NOTE: abs is a smart macro which compiles to an open code, which depends of the type of the argument.

long labs (long x);

Absolute value of a long integer number.

labs returns the absolute value of (long) integer argument x. See also abs and fabs.

NOTE: labs is built-in function in GCC compiler itself, and it compiles to the open code instead of function call.

float fabs (float x);

Absolute value of a floating point number.

fabs returns the absolute value of floating point argument x. See also abs and labs.

float sqrt (float x);

Floating point square root.

sqrt returns the positive square root of floating point argument x.

NOTE: If the argument is negative, there will be no error, but the result will be invalid.

float exp (float x);

Floating point exponential function.

exp returns the exponential function of floating point argument x (i.e. calculates e to the x-th power).

NOTE: exp will return POSITIVE_INF in a case of overflow, and zero (unsigned, see ZERO; strange, I expected POSITIVE_ZERO) in a case of underflow.

float log (float x);

Floating point natural logarithm (base e).

log returns the natural logarithm of floating point argument x.

NOTE: log will return NEGATIVE_INF if the argument is zero, or NAN if the argument is negative.

float log10 (float x);

Floating point logarithm, base 10.

log10 returns the base 10 logarithm of floating point argument x.

NOTE: log will return NEGATIVE_INF if the argument is zero, or NAN if the argument is negative.

float pow (float x, float y);

Floating point power function.

pow returns x^y, x to the y (i.e. x raised to the y-th power).

NOTE: pow will return an infinite result (see POSITIVE_INF, NEGATIVE_INF, UNSIGNED_INF) in a case of overflow. If both x and y are zeros, pow will return 1. If x is negative, the correct result will be produced only if y can be represented as a whole number, or as a fraction with odd denominator; otherwise, pow will return a garbage (not NAN) which sometimes even not satisfy the floating point BCD format (digits greater than 9 etc.), so be careful in a case when x is negative!

float sin (float x);

Floating point sine.

sin returns the sine of floating point argument x, which is assumed to be specified in radians.

NOTE: sin will return NAN if the argument is so big that reducing to the main period can't be performed without complete losing of significant digits (i.e. when the magnitude of x is greater than 1e13).

float cos (float x);

Floating point cosine.

cos returns the cosine of floating point argument x, which is assumed to be specified in radians.

NOTE: cos will return NAN if the argument is so big that reducing to the main period can't be performed without complete losing of significant digits (i.e. when the magnitude of x is greater than 1e13).

void sincos (float x, short deg_flag, float *sine, float *cosine);

Calculates both sine and cosine in one turn.

sincos calculates both the sine and the cosine of floating point argument x, and stores the results in floating point destinationss pointed to by sine and cosine. The argument x is assumed to be specified in radians if deg_flag is 0, or in degrees if deg_flag is 1 (it seems that these two values are only legal values for deg_flag). See also notes related to sin and cos.

float tan (float x);

Floating point tangent.

tan returns the tangent of floating point argument x, which is assumed to be specified in radians.

NOTE: tan will return UNSIGNED_INF for all arguments for which the tangent is infinity. Also, it will return NAN if the argument is so big that reducing to the main period can't be performed without complete losing of significant digits (i.e. when the magnitude of x is greater than 1e13).

float asin (float x);

Floating point arc sine.

asin returns the arc sine of floating point argument x. The result is always in radians.

NOTE: If the argument is not in range from -1 to 1, asin will return NAN.

float acos (float x);

Floating point arc cosine.

acos returns the arc cosine of floating point argument x. The result is always in radians.

NOTE: If the argument is not in range from -1 to 1, acos will return NAN.

float atan (float x);

Floating point arc tangent.

asin returns the arc tangent of floating point argument x. The result is always in radians.

float atan2 (float x, float y);

Four-quadrant arc tangent of y/x (or argument of the complex number).

atan2 returns the four-quadrant arc tangent of y/x. More precise, it returns the argument of the complex number x + y i. So, the result is in the range -pi to pi.

NOTE: atan2 produces correct results even when the resulting angle is near pi/2 or -pi/2 (x near zero). If both x and y are zeros, atan2 returns NAN.

float sinh (float x);

Floating point hyperbolic sine.

sinh returns the hyperbolic sine of floating point argument x. Hyperbolic sine is defined as (exp(x)-exp(-x))/2.

NOTE: sinh will return POSITIVE_INF or NEGATIVE_INF in a case of overflow.

float cosh (float x);

Floating point hyperbolic cosine.

sinh returns the hyperbolic cosine of floating point argument x. Hyperbolic cosine is defined as (exp(x)+exp(-x))/2.

NOTE: cosh will return POSITIVE_INF in a case of overflow.

float tanh (float x);

Floating point hyperbolic tangent.

sinh returns the hyperbolic cosine of floating point argument x. Hyperbolic tangent is defined as sinh(x)/cosh(x).

float asinh (float x);

Floating point hyperbolic area sine.

asinh returns the hyperbolic area sine of floating point argument x. Hyperbolic area sine is defined as log(x+sqrt(x*x+1)).

float acosh (float x);

Floating point hyperbolic area cosine.

asinh returns the hyperbolic area cosine of floating point argument x, Hyperbolic area cosine is defined as log(x+sqrt(x*x-1)).

NOTE: acosh will return NAN if x is smaller than 1.

float atanh (float x);

Floating point hyperbolic area tangent.

atanh returns the hyperbolic area tangent of floating point argument x, Hyperbolic area tangent is defined as log((1+x)/(1-x))/2.

NOTE: asinh will return NAN if x is smaller than -1 or greather than 1. Also, it will return POSITIVE_INF if x is 1, and NEGATIVE_INF if x is -1.

float ceil (float x);

Rounds up the floating point number.

ceil finds the smallest integer not less than floating point argument x, and returns the integer found as a floating point value.

float floor (float x);

Rounds down the floating point number.

floor finds the largest integer not greater than floating point argument x, and returns the integer found as a floating point value.

float round14 (float x);

Rounds the floating point number to 14 significant digits.

round14 returns the value of the floating point argument x rounded to 14 significant digits. Also, arguments whose absolute values are greater or equal than 10^8192 are rounded to POSITIVE_INF or NEGATIVE_INF, and arguments whose absolute values are smaller than 10^-8192 are rounded to POSITIVE_ZERO or NEGATIVE_ZERO. TIOS always does such rounding before storing a floating point value to a variable.

float round12 (float x);

Rounds the floating point number to 12 significant digits.

round12 returns the value of the floating point argument x rounded to 12 significant digits. TIOS sometimes does such rounding, for example when TIOS updates coordinate values (xc, yc, etc.), during printing approximate results, or when TIOS stores a value to system variables like xmin, xmax etc. (strictly speaking, TIOS calls round12_err instead of round12 in such cases).

float round12_err (float x, short error_code);

Rounds the floating point number to 12 significant digits and eventually throws an error.

round12_err is identical as round12, except it throws an error with code error_code if the absolute value of the argument is greater or equal than 10^1000, or if the argument is a transfinite number (see is_transfinite), and it rounds arguments whose absolute values are smaller than 10^-1000 to UNSIGNED_ZERO.

float fmod (float x, float y);

Calculates x modulo y, i.e. the remainder of x/y.

fmod returns x modulo y, i.e. it returns the remainder f, where x = a * y + f for some integer a and 0 <= f < y. Where y = 0, fmod returns 0.

float hypot (float x, float y);

Calculates hypotenuse of right triangle.

hypot returns the value z where z^2 = x^2 + y^2 and z >= 0. This is equivalent to the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle, if the lengths of the two sides are x and y. Or, this is also equivalent to the absolute value of the complex number x + y i.

NOTE: hypot is implemented as macro which calls fmul (for squaring x and y), fadd and sqrt.

float modf (float x, float *ipart);

Splits floating point value into integer and fraction part.

modf breaks the floating point value x into two parts: the integer and the fraction, both having the same sign as x. It stores the integer in a floating point destination pointed to by ipart and returns the fractional part of x.

float frexp10 (float x, short *exponent);

Splits floating point number into mantissa and exponent.

frexp10 calculates the mantissa m (a floating point greater than or equal to 0.1 and less than 1) and the integer value n, such that x equals m*10^n. frexp stores n in the integer that exponent points to, and returns the mantissa m.

NOTE: This routine is analogous to frexp in ANSI C math library, except using base ten rather than base two.

float ldexp10 (float x, short exponent);

Calculates x times 10 raised to exponent.

ldexp10 calculates x times 10 raised to exponent, and returns the result, i.e. returns x*10^exponent. Strictly speaking, ldexp10 is a macro, not a function.

NOTE: This routine is analogous to ldexp in ANSI C math library, except using base ten rather than base two.

void trig (short option, short deg_flag, const float *xptr, float *sine, float *cosine, float *tangent);

Generic subroutine for calculating trigonometric functions.

trig is a TIOS subroutine which is used internally for calculating trigonometric functions, i.e. in TIOS functions sin, cos, sincos and tan. It calculates simultaneously the sine, the cosine and the tangent of the floating point value pointed to by xptr, and stores the results in floating point destinations pointed to by sine, cosine and tangent. The argument pointed to by xptr is assumed to be specified in radians if deg_flag is 0, or in degrees if deg_flag is 1 (it seems that these two values are only legal values for deg_flag). Parameter option is not very clear to me: TIOS uses option = 1 in sin and sincos, option = 2 in cos, and option = 4 in tan. I don't know what is the difference between option = 1 and option = 2, because both the sine and the cosine are calculated regardless of the value of option. I only noticed that the tangent will not be calculated if option is not equal to 4.

NOTE: I included the description of this routine here only due to completeness: it is more preferable to call particular trigonometric function instead.

void itrig (short option, short deg_flag, float *xptr, float *result);

Generic subroutine for calculating inverse trigonometric functions.

itrig is a TIOS subroutine which is used internally for calculating inverse trigonometric functions, i.e. in TIOS functions asin, acos and atan. It calculates the arc sine, the arc cosine or the arc tangent of the floating point value pointed to by xptr, and stores the result in the floating point destination pointed to by result. The result will be in radians if deg_flag is 0, or in degrees if deg_flag is 1 (it seems that these two values are only legal values for deg_flag). Parameter option determines which inverse trigonometric function will be calculated: the arc sine if option = 1, the arc cosine if option = 2 and the arc tangent if option = 4. I don't know whether these values are the only legal values for option, but I believe so.

NOTE: The parameter xptr is not a pointer to const value. This means that the value pointed to by it may be changed. In normal cases this would not appear, but this need not to be true if the structure pointed to by xptr contains wrong values (for example, arguments out of the function domain, unnormalized values, etc.).

float atof (const char *s);

Converts a string to a floating point.

atof converts a string pointed to by s to floating point value. It recognizes the character representation of a floating point number, made up of the following: It is important to say that this implementation of atof requires that an optional minus sign and an optional exponent must be TI Basic characters for minus sign and exponent, (characters with codes 0xAD and 0x95 instead of ordinary '-' and 'e' or 'E' characters). This limitation is caused by using some TIOS calls which needs such number format. Anyway, it is very easy to "preprocess" any string to satisfy this convention before calling to atof by routine like the following (assuming that c is a char variable, and i is an integer variable):
for (i = 0; c = s[i]; i++)   // Yes, the second '=' is really '=', not '=='...
  {
    if (c == '-') s[i] = 0xAD;
    if ((c|32) == 'e') s[i] = 0x95;
  }
atof returns the converted value of the input string. It returns NAN if the input string cannot be converted (i.e. if it is not in a correct format). This is not the same as in ANSI C: atof in ANSI C returns 0 if the conversion was not successful. I decided to return NAN instead, so the user can check whether the conversion was successful (which is not possible with ANSI atof). See is_nan for a good method to check whether the result is NAN.

NOTE: This function is not part of TIOS, and it is implemented using TIOS function push_parse_text.

void csqrt (float z_re, float z_im, float *w_re, float *w_im);

Complex square root.

csqrt calculates the square root w = sqrt(z) of the complex number which real and imaginary parts are z_re and z_im, and stores real and imaginary part of the result in floating point destinations pointed to by w_re and w_im. The complex square root is defined by

sqrt(z) = sqrt(abs(z)) (cos(arg(z)/2) + i sin(arg(z)/2))

where abs(z) = sqrt(z_re^2+z_im^2) and arg(z) = atan2(z_im, z_re). See sqrt, atan2, sin and cos.

void cexp (float z_re, float z_im, float *w_re, float *w_im);

Complex exponential function.

cexp calculates the complex exponential function w = exp(z) of the complex number which real and imaginary parts are z_re and z_im, and stores real and imaginary part of the result in floating point destinations pointed to by w_re and w_im. The complex exponential function is defined by

exp(z) = exp(z_re) (cos(z_im) + i sin(z_im))

See exp, sin and cos.

void cln (float z_re, float z_im, float *w_re, float *w_im);

Complex natural logarithm (base e).

cln calculates the natural logarithm w = ln(z) of the complex number which real and imaginary parts are z_re and z_im, and stores real and imaginary part of the result in floating point destinations pointed to by w_re and w_im. The complex logarithm is defined by

ln(z) = log(abs(z)) + i arg(z)

where abs(z) = sqrt(z_re^2+z_im^2), arg(z) = atan2(z_im, z_re) and log is the real natural logarithm. See also sqrt and atan2.

void clog10 (float z_re, float z_im, float *w_re, float *w_im);

Complex logarithm, base 10.

clog10 calculates the base 10 logarithm w = log10(z) of the complex number which real and imaginary parts are z_re and z_im, and stores real and imaginary part of the result in floating point destinations pointed to by w_re and w_im. The base 10 complex logarithm is defined by

log10(z) = ln(z) / ln(10)

where ln is complex natural logarithm (see cln).

void csin (float z_re, float z_im, float *w_re, float *w_im);

Complex sine.

csin calculates the sine w = sin(z) of the complex number which real and imaginary parts are z_re and z_im, and stores real and imaginary part of the result in floating point destinations pointed to by w_re and w_im. The complex sine is defined by

sin(z) = (exp(i z) - exp(-i z)) / (2 i)

where exp is complex exponential function (see cexp).

void ccos (float z_re, float z_im, float *w_re, float *w_im);

Complex cosine.

ccos calculates the cosine w = cos(z) of the complex number which real and imaginary parts are z_re and z_im, and stores real and imaginary part of the result in floating point destinations pointed to by w_re and w_im. The complex cosine is defined by

sin(z) = (exp(i z) + exp(-i z)) / 2

where exp is complex exponential function (see cexp).

void ctan (float z_re, float z_im, float *w_re, float *w_im);

Complex tangent.

ctan calculates the tangent w = tan(z) of the complex number which real and imaginary parts are z_re and z_im, and stores real and imaginary part of the result in floating point destinations pointed to by w_re and w_im. The complex tangent is defined by

tan(z) = sin(z) / cos(z)

where sin and cos are complex sine and complex cosine (see csin and ccos).

void casin (float z_re, float z_im, float *w_re, float *w_im);

Complex arc sine.

casin calculates the arc sine w = asin(z) of the complex number which real and imaginary parts are z_re and z_im, and stores real and imaginary part of the result in floating point destinations pointed to by w_re and w_im. The complex arc sine is defined by

asin(z) = -i ln (i z + sqrt (1 - z^2))

where ln and sqrt are complex natural logarithm and complex square root (see cln and csqrt).

void cacos (float z_re, float z_im, float *w_re, float *w_im);

Complex arc cosine.

cacos calculates the arc cosine w = acos(z) of the complex number which real and imaginary parts are z_re and z_im, and stores real and imaginary part of the result in floating point destinations pointed to by w_re and w_im. The complex arc cosine is defined by

acos(z) = -i ln (z + i sqrt (1 - z^2))

where ln and sqrt are complex natural logarithm and complex square root (see cln and csqrt).

void catan (float z_re, float z_im, float *w_re, float *w_im);

Complex arc tangent.

catan calculates the arc tangent w = atan(z) of the complex number which real and imaginary parts are z_re and z_im, and stores real and imaginary part of the result in floating point destinations pointed to by w_re and w_im. The complex arc tangent is defined by

atan(z) = -i ln ((1 + i z) / (1 - i z)) / 2

where ln is complex natural logarithm (see cln).

void csinh (float z_re, float z_im, float *w_re, float *w_im);

Complex hyperbolic sine.

csinh calculates the hyperbolic sine w = sinh(z) of the complex number which real and imaginary parts are z_re and z_im, and stores real and imaginary part of the result in floating point destinations pointed to by w_re and w_im. The complex hyperbolic sine is defined by

sinh(z) = (exp(z) - exp(-z)) / 2

where exp is complex exponential function (see cexp).

void ccosh (float z_re, float z_im, float *w_re, float *w_im);

Complex hyperbolic cosine.

ccosh calculates the hyperbolic cosine w = cosh(z) of the complex number which real and imaginary parts are z_re and z_im, and stores real and imaginary part of the result in floating point destinations pointed to by w_re and w_im. The complex hyperbolic cosine is defined by

cosh(z) = (exp(z) + exp(-z)) / 2

where exp is complex exponential function (see cexp).

void ctanh (float z_re, float z_im, float *w_re, float *w_im);

Complex hyperbolic tangent.

ctanh calculates the hyperbolic tangent w = tanh(z) of the complex number which real and imaginary parts are z_re and z_im, and stores real and imaginary part of the result in floating point destinations pointed to by w_re and w_im. The complex hyperbolic tangent is defined by

tanh(z) = sinh(z) / cosh(z)

where sinh and cosh are complex hyperbolic sine and complex hyperbolic cosine (see csinh and ccosh).

void casinh (float z_re, float z_im, float *w_re, float *w_im);

Complex hyperbolic area sine.

casinh calculates the hyperbolic area sine w = asinh(z) of the complex number which real and imaginary parts are z_re and z_im, and stores real and imaginary part of the result in floating point destinations pointed to by w_re and w_im. The complex hyperbolic area sine is defined by

asinh(z) = ln (z + sqrt (z^2 + 1))

where ln and sqrt are complex natural logarithm and complex square root (see cln and csqrt).

void cacosh (float z_re, float z_im, float *w_re, float *w_im);

Complex hyperbolic area cosine.

cacosh calculates the hyperbolic area cosine w = acosh(z) of the complex number which real and imaginary parts are z_re and z_im, and stores real and imaginary part of the result in floating point destinations pointed to by w_re and w_im. The complex hyperbolic area cosine is defined by

acosh(z) = ln (z + sqrt (z^2 - 1))

where ln and sqrt are complex natural logarithm and complex square root (see cln and csqrt).

void catanh (float z_re, float z_im, float *w_re, float *w_im);

Complex hyperbolic area tangent.

catanh calculates the hyperbolic area tangent w = atanh(z) of the complex number which real and imaginary parts are z_re and z_im, and stores real and imaginary part of the result in floating point destinations pointed to by w_re and w_im. The complex hyperbolic area tangent is defined by

acosh(z) = ln ((1 + z) / (1 - z)) / 2

where ln is complex natural logarithm (see cln).

short is_nan (float x);

Checks whether the argument is Not_a_Number.

is_nan returns TRUE if x is NAN (Not_a_Number), else returns FALSE. Not_a_Number is a special value which is produced as a result of all operations when the result is undefined or non-real, for example dividing zero with zero, calculating the logarithm of a negative number, etc.

short is_inf (float x);

Checks whether the argument is an infinite number.

is_inf returns TRUE if x is an infinite number (i.e. UNSIGNED_INF, POSITIVE_INF or NEGATIVE_INF), else returns FALSE. Infinite values are produced when the result is unbounded (for example dividing by zero), or in case of overflow. This function is an alias for TIOS function originally called is_float_infinity.

short is_pzero (float x);

Checks whether the argument is positive zero.

is_pzero returns TRUE if x is a positive zero (i.e. infinitely small positive quantity, see POSITIVE_ZERO), else returns FALSE. This function is an alias for TIOS function originally called is_float_positive_zero.

short is_nzero (float x);

Checks whether the argument is negative zero.

is_nzero returns TRUE if x is a negative zero (i.e. infinitely small negative quantity, see NEGATIVE_ZERO), else returns FALSE. This function is an alias for TIOS function originally called is_float_negative_zero.

short is_uzero (float x);

Checks whether the argument is unsigned zero.

is_uzero returns TRUE if x is an unsigned zero (i.e. infinitely small quantity with indeterminate sign, see UNSIGNED_ZERO), else returns FALSE. This function is an alias for TIOS function originally called is_float_unsigned_zero.

short is_sinf (float x);

Checks whether the argument is signed infinity.

is_sinf returns TRUE if x is a signed infinity (i.e. POSITIVE_INF or NEGATIVE_INF), else returns FALSE. This function is an alias for TIOS function originally called is_float_signed_infinity.

short is_uinf_or_nan (float x);

Checks whether the argument is unsigned infinity or Not_a_Number.

is_uinf_or_nan returns TRUE if x is UNSIGNED_INF or NAN, else returns FALSE. These two special numbers are treated very similarly in TIOS. This function is an alias for TIOS function originally called is_float_unsigned_inf_or_nan.

short is_transfinite (float x);

Checks whether the argument is a transfinite number.

is_transfinite returns TRUE if x is a transfinite number, else returns FALSE. Transfinite numbers are all infinite numbers (UNSIGNED_INF, POSITIVE_INF and NEGATIVE_INF) and NAN. This function is an alias for TIOS function originally called is_float_transfinite.

short is_float_infinity (float x);

Checks whether the argument is an infinite number.

is_float_infinity is original TIOS name for the function which is aliased here as is_inf.

short is_float_positive_zero (float x);

Checks whether the argument is positive zero.

is_float_positive_zero is original TIOS name for the function which is aliased here as is_pzero.

short is_float_negative_zero (float x);

Checks whether the argument is negative zero.

is_float_negative_zero is original TIOS name for the function which is aliased here as is_nzero.

short is_float_unsigned_zero (float x);

Checks whether the argument is unsigned zero.

is_float_unsigned_zero is original TIOS name for the function which is aliased here as is_uzero.

short is_float_signed_infinity (float x);

Checks whether the argument is signed infinity.

is_float_signed_infinity is original TIOS name for the function which is aliased here as is_sinf.

short is_float_unsigned_inf_or_nan (float x);

Checks whether the argument is unsigned infinity or Not_a_Number.

is_float_unsigned_inf_or_nan is original TIOS name for the function which is aliased here as is_uinf_or_nan.

short is_float_transfinite (float x);

Checks whether the argument is a transfinite number.

is_float_transfinite is original TIOS name for the function which is aliased here as is_transfinite.

short float_class (float x);

Determines the class of the floating point number.

float_class checks the floating point argument x and returns an integer result which determines the subtype of the argument, in according to the following table:

1Not_a_Number (NAN)
2Negative infinity (NEGATIVE_INF)
3Negative real number
5Negative zero (NEGATIVE_ZERO)
6Unsigned zero (ZERO)
7Positive zero (POSITIVE_ZERO)
9Positive real number
10Positive infinity (POSITIVE_INF)
11Unsigned infinity (UNSIGNED_INF)

NOTE: This table was wrong in the documentation of TIGCCLIB release 1.5: negative and unsigned infinity was swapped due a to typing error.

short fpisanint (unsigned long long *mantissa, unsigned short exponent);

Checks whether the floating point number is reducable to an integer.

fpisanint is an internal TIOS subroutine used in pow. It checks whether the floating point with the exponent exponent and the mantissa pointed to by mantissa is reducable to an integer. Returns TRUE or FALSE, depending on the test.

NOTE: long long is not a typing error: it is a GNU C extension for representing very long integers (8-byte integers in this implementation).

short fpisodd (unsigned long long *mantissa, unsigned short exponent);

Checks whether the integer part of a floating point number is an odd number.

fpisodd is an internal TIOS subroutine used in pow. It checks whether the integer part of the floating point with the exponent exponent and the mantissa pointed to by mantissa is an odd number. Returns TRUE or FALSE, depending on the test. Also returns TRUE if the integer part is zero, although zero is not an odd number.

NOTE: long long is not a typing error: it is a GNU C extension for representing very long integers (8-byte integers in this implementation).


Macro constructors


FLT (integer_part, decimal_part)
FLT (integer)

FLT is now deprecated macro which is kept here only to retain compatibility with programs which are written with older releases of TIGCC (before 0.9), which didn't support standard floating point numbers. Now, FLT(x,y) will simply be translated to x.y and FLT(x) will be translated to x.0, e.g. FLT(342,15) will be translated to 342.15, FLT(0,0001) will be translated to 0.0001, and FLT(4) will be translated to 4.0. Anyway, you don't need to use the FLT macro any more.

FLT_NEG (integer_part, decimal_part)
FLT_NEG (integer)

FLT_NEG is another deprecated macro which works exactly as FLT, except it construct negative values instead of positive ones. More precise, FLT_NEG(x,y) will simply be translated to -x.y and FLT_NEG(x) will be translated to -x.0. Anyway, you don't need to use the FLT_NEG macro any more.

FEXP (mantissa, exponent)

Yet one deprecated macro. FEXP(m,e) constructs a number m*10^e where m is a sequence of digits (without decimal point) which is assumed to represent decimal number m.mmmm..., e.g. FEXP(2514,5) represents number 2.514*10^5 (251400 or 2.514e5 using conventional exponential notation), and FEXP(42,-3) represents number 4.2*10^-3 (0.0042 or 4.2e-3). FEXP(1,3) is 1*10^3 (1000 or 1e3). mantissa must be the constant sequence of digits, without leading zeros, but the way on which FEXP is implemented allows that exponent may be a variable or an expression, like FEXP(314,a), when even mantissa is not a constant, you can use function ldexp10. Anyway, you don't need to use FEXP any more: simply use conventional exponential notation. E.g. simply use 4.2e3 instead of FEXP(42,3) etc.

Note that a = FEXP(m,e) is not the same as bcd_var(a).exponent = e+0x4000 and bcd_var(a).mantissa = m. The first part is true; the second is not. More precise, FEXP shifts m to the left enough number of times to produce correct normalized mantissa (see bcd for more info). So, when you type a = FEXP(352,3) it works like bcd_var(a).exponent = 0x4003 and bcd_var(a).mantissa = 0x3520000000000000. For more description about internal format of floating point numbers, see bcd. See also float_to_bcd, bcd_to_float and bcd_var.

FEXP_NEG (mantissa, exponent)

FEXP_NEG (also deprecated) works exactly as FEXP, except it construct negative values instead of positive ones.


Constants and predefined types


enum Bool

Bool is enumerated type for describing true or false values. It is defined as
enum Bool {FALSE, TRUE};

type ti_float

Starting for TIGCC 0.9, ti_float is an alias name for standard ANSI float type, introduced to keep backward compatibility with previous releases of the TIGCC compiler, which don't support standard ANSI floats. See bcd for more info about internal organization of floating point values.

type bcd

bcd is a structure which represents the internal organization of floating point numbers in the format recognized by TIOS (so-called SMAP II BCD format). It is defined as
typedef struct
  {
    unsigned short exponent;
    unsigned long long mantissa;
  } bcd;
Note that long long is not a typing error: it is a GNU C extension for representing very long integers (8-byte integers in this implementation).

Here will be given the exact internal organization of floating point numbers. Magnitude of every real number (except zero) can be represented as m*10^e, where e (so-called exponent) is an integer, and m (so-called mantissa) is a real number which satisfies condition 1 <= m < 10 (this is somewhat different convention than used in frexp10 function which is derived from ANSI standard). e is stored in the exponent field, and m in mantissa field of the bcd structure. Details of storing format are given below. You don't need to know these details, but they are given here for anybody who needs to know more about floats on TI.

Field exponent of the bcd structure contains e+0x4000 if the number is positive, or e+0xC000 if the number is negative. So, the most significant bit of exponent is the sign of the number, but the format is not 2-complement code (more precise, it is sign_and_magnitude_0x4000_biased code). The exponent is NOT bcd-coded (unlike the mantissa). Legal range for the e is from -16383 to +16382 (values -16384 and +16383 are reserved for some special values), although many math functions are not very happy with extremely small or extremely big exponents. Keep your exponents in the range from -999 to +999.

The mantissa is stored in BCD code. As the mantissa satisfies the condition 1 <= m < 10, it can be represented as m1.m2m3m4... where m1, m2 etc. are digits (0-9). TIOS first truncates the mantissa up to 16 digits, or adds trailing zeros on the end of the mantissa up to 16 digits if it is shorter than 16 digits. Then, it stores the integer number m1m2m3...m16 in mantissa field of the bcd structure using packed BCD code (each digit in 4 bits).

Everything will be more clear on a concrete example. Look the number 379.25. It can be written as 3.7925*10^2. So, e is 2, and m is 3.7925. As the number is positive, exponent will contain 0x4000+2 = 0x4002. As the mantissa has less than 16 digits, it must be padded to 3.792500000000000. So, mantissa will contain the integer 3792500000000000, i.e. it will contain 0x3792500000000000 (note the strong correspodence between hex numbers and bcd coded numbers: they have the same digits). So, to assign the value 379.25 to the variable a of type bcd, you can use a.exponent = 0x4002 and a.mantissa = 0x3792500000000000. Standard ANSI types float, double and long double (all of them are the same in TIGCC) are internally organized exactly at the same way in TIGCC, except that from the aspect of the compiler, they are scalars, and bcd is a structure, so you can not simply cast float to bcd and vice versa. For this purpose, use functions (more precise macros) float_to_bcd, bcd_to_float and bcd_var.

Note that due to the condition 1 <= m < 10, the mantissa must be normalized (which means that the first digit of the mantissa must not be zero). The consequence is that mantissa field must always be greater or equal to 0x1000000000000000. You can construct (artifically) structures in which this condition is not satisfied. Some functions will work well with such (unnormalized) numbers, but many of them will not work correctly. So, avoid creating of such illegal values: any unnormalized number may be represented in normalized format. Anyway, don't worry about it: all numbers written using "normal" methods are always normalized: you can create unnormalized numbers only intentionally by direct accessing to mantissa part of a bcd structure.

const ZERO

ZERO is a predefined floating point constant with value 0.0. ZERO is the same as UNSIGNED_ZERO.

const ONE

ONE is a predefined floating point constant with value 1.0, defined to keep backward compatibility with programs written with older versions of TIGCC.

const TWO

TWO is a predefined floating point constant with value 2.0, defined to keep backward compatibility with programs written with older versions of TIGCC.

const THREE

THREE is a predefined floating point constant with value 3.0, defined to keep backward compatibility with programs written with older versions of TIGCC.

const FOUR

FOUR is a predefined floating point constant with value 4.0, defined to keep backward compatibility with programs written with older versions of TIGCC.

const FIVE

FIVE is a predefined floating point constant with value 5.0, defined to keep backward compatibility with programs written with older versions of TIGCC.

const TEN

TEN is a predefined floating point constant with value 10.0, defined to keep backward compatibility with programs written with older versions of TIGCC.

const HALF

HALF is a predefined floating point constant with value 0.5, defined to keep backward compatibility with programs written with older versions of TIGCC.

const MINUS_ONE

MINUS_ONE is a predefined floating point constant with value -1.0, defined to keep backward compatibility with programs written with older versions of TIGCC.

const PI

PI is a predefined floating point constant which approximates pi up to 16 significant digits, i.e. 3.141592653589793.

const HALF_PI

HALF_PI is a predefined floating point constant which approximates pi/2 up to 16 significant digits, i.e. 1.570796326794897. Of course, it is the same as PI/2.0.

const UNSIGNED_ZERO

TIOS makes a difference between three types of zeros. UNSIGNED_ZERO is "ordinary" zero, i.e. infinitely small quantity with indeterminate sign. It is identical to ZERO. Dividing any finite non-zero number by UNSIGNED_ZERO will produce UNSIGNED_INF.

All kind of zeros are equal when comparing using comparison operators or fcmp. To check whether a value is an unsigned zero, use is_uzero.

const POSITIVE_ZERO

In opposite to UNSIGNED_ZERO, POSITIVE_ZERO is an infinitely small quantity which is known to be always nonnegative. It can be imagined as "the smallest positive real number", altough something like this does not exist in reality. TIOS generates POSITIVE_ZERO in cases when the result is zero, but it is known that the result can not be negative for any argument. For example, squaring of ZERO using pow function will return POSITIVE_ZERO, because the square is always non-negative. The same is true for acosh when the argument is equal to 1, etc.

TIOS also generates POSITIVE_ZERO as the result of positive underflow (i.e. when the result is positive, but too small to be represented in a float type), and as the result of rounding extremely small positive numbers using round14 or round12_err. To check whether a value is a positive zero, use is_pzero.

Dividing any finite strictly positive number by POSITIVE_INF will produce POSITIVE_ZERO as the result. Dividing any finite strictly positive number by POSITIVE_ZERO gives POSITIVE_INF, and dividing any finite strictly negative number by POSITIVE_ZERO gives NEGATIVE_INF.

NOTE: Try in TI Basic '1/0' and '1/0^2' to see that '0' and '0^2' are not strictly the same for TIOS. Clever, isn't it?

const NEGATIVE_ZERO

NEGATIVE_ZERO is similar like POSITIVE_ZERO, but it represents an infinitely small quantity which is known to be always nonpositive. The properties of NEGATIVE_ZERO are analog to the properties of POSITIVE_ZERO. To check whether a value is a negative zero, use is_nzero.

const POSITIVE_INF

POSITIVE_INF represents an infinitely big positive quantity. TIOS generates POSITIVE_INF when the result is infinite in magnitude, but when it is known to be positive (for example, atanh returns POSITIVE_INF when the argument is equal to 1). See also POSITIVE_ZERO. TIOS also generates POSITIVE_INF as the result of positive overflow (i.e. when the result is positive and too big to be represented in float type), and as the result of rounding extremely big positive numbers using round14 or round12_err.

TIOS allows much greater flexibility when working with "signed" infinities than with UNSIGNED_INF. To check whether a value is signed infinity, use is_sinf. POSITIVE_INF belongs to the class of "transfinite" numbers (see is_transfinite).

const NEGATIVE_INF

NEGATIVE_INF represents an infinitely big positive quantity. TIOS generates NEGATIVE_INF when the result is infinite in magnitude, but when it is known to be negative (for example, log returns NEGATIVE_INF when the argument is equal to zero). Other properties of NEGATIVE_INF are analogous like properties of POSITIVE_INF.

const UNSIGNED_INF

UNSIGNED_INF represents a quantity for which is known to be infinite in magnitude, but when nothing can be deduced about its sign. For example, dividing of non-zero number with "standard" zero (i.e. with UNSIGNED_ZERO) or calculating tangent of pi/2 will produce such value. TIOS mathematical functions are much more limited in working with unsigned than with signed infinities (like POSITIVE_INF). For example, arc tangent of POSITIVE_INF is well defined and equals to pi/2, but arc tangent of UNSIGNED_INF is not unique determined.

Although UNSIGNED_INF is much more "concrete" quantity than NAN, TIOS very often does not make any difference between these two quantities. To check whether a value is an unsigned infinity or NAN, use is_uinf_or_nan. If it is, then you can use is_nan for checking whether a value is NAN, and if it it not, it must be an unsigned infinity. UNSIGNED_INF belongs to the class of "transfinite" numbers (see is_transfinite).

const NAN

NAN is an acronyme of Not_a_Number. TIOS generates NAN when nothing can be deduced about the magnitude of the result (for example, when dividing zero by zero, or when substracting two infinities of the same sign). Also, TIOS generates NAN when the argument of a function is out of legal range, excluding values of the argument which produces infinity results. For example, log will produce NAN when the argument is negative, but when the argument is zero, the result is NEGATIVE_INF. See also UNSIGNED_INF.

NAN also belongs to the class of "transfinite" numbers (see is_transfinite). Use is_nan to check whether a value is NAN. This is a common method to check in run time whether the arguments of the called math functions was legal.

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